Infants as young as six months old can recognize differences in skin color. By age two and a half, research has shown, children prefer playmates who are similar in race and gender. And as early as age three, they are forming judgments about people based on racial differences.
What children learn, hear, and witness from family members, friends, and others in their communities about race plays a major role in how they view people who are different from them, according to Yale experts.
Children “identify all kinds of differences quite readily,” said Yarrow Dunham, assistant professor of psychology at Yale and director of the Social Cognitive Development Lab. “The critical question is: Which of those differences do they come to think of as important determinants of social identity and social outcomes? They make those decisions by observing the world around them. And here — unfortunately — the world presents them with abundant evidence that race matters.”
As a result, it’s imperative that parents recognize and talk about racial differences with kids from an early age to prevent racism from taking root, said Yale experts.
“Many white parents are very uncomfortable talking about race,” Dunham said. “As a consequence, they do not put in the work to support the emergence of a structural or justice-minded understanding of racial disparities and of racism more generally. As white parents, we have an obligation to put in this work.”
Silence is a message
Avoiding conversations about race sends a message that there’s something off-limits, and even bad, about racial differences, said Dr. Wanjiku Njoroge, a board-certified child psychiatrist and adjunct professor of psychiatry at Yale.
In the absence of these conversations, she said, silence is powerful: “If they hear nothing about race, they figure out that there’s something different about that topic. And that difference can become imbued with negativity.”
Start with self-reflection
Dr. Amalia Londono Tobon, a board-certified psychiatrist and clinical fellow in the Yale Child Study Center, who collaborates with Njoroge on projects related to race, culture and young children, said different conversations are possible at every stage of a child’s development.
White parents need to critically examine their own upbringing, she said, to think about how they learned about race, and how they may have acted in ways that revealed bias against black people — crossing the street to avoid a black person, or treating them with distrust. “Think about where you are right now,” she said. “What are you reading? What TV shows are you watching? Who are your friends?” All of that, she said, affects the way a child perceives the world.
Avoiding race conversations is privilege
The ability to avoid talking about race is a form of white privilege, the researchers said.
In black families, racial differences, and the history of race relations in America, are conversations that happen organically, at all ages, said Njoroge. “For many African-American families, there is that history of segregation, of ‘separate but equal,’ woven into the fabric of our experiences.”
She recommends that parents talk honestly with their children about their own moments of racism — and how they have learned to be better.
“Describe the inequities built into our country,” she said.
Excerpted from ” It’s Never Too Early to Talk With Children About Race” in Yale News. Read the full article online.
Source: Yale News, Managed by the Office of Public Affairs & Communications | It’s Never Too Early to Talk With Children About Race, https://news.yale.edu/2020/06/15/its-never-too-early-talk-children-about-race | Copyright © 2023 Yale University
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